Vocabulary #4

1.  angiosperm       Flowering plant

archaebacterium            Member of the prokaryotic domain Archaebacteria

Archean eon     Eon in which life arose (3.8-2.5 bya).

  big bang              Model for origin of universe.

Cenozoic era     The present era (65 mya to present).

crust, of Earth   Outer zone of low-density rocks resting on the Earth's mantle.

dinosaur             One of a fabulous group of reptiles that originated in the Triassic and became the dominant land vertebrates for 125 million years.

endosymbiosis theory  Continuing physical contact between two species, one of which lives and reproduces inside the other's body.

eubacterium     Prokaryotic cell; has a nucleoid, but no nucleus, cytoplasm, or cell membrane; most have a cell wall, some encapsulated.

 eukaryotic cell  Cell having a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. 

global broiling hypothesis           Theory that an asteroid impact caused the K-T mass extinction.
 K-T asteroid impact theory         A huge asteroid hit Earth at the K-T boundary.

   gymnosperm    Type of vascular plant in which seeds form on exposed surfaces of reproductive struct

mantle    Of mollusks, a tissue draped over the visceral mass.

Mesozoic era    An era (240-65 mya) of spectacular expansion in the range of global diversity.

 prokaryotic cell                Archaebacterium or eubacterium

Paleozoic era    Era from Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, through the Permian

protistan             Photoautotroph or heterotroph

proto-cell           Hypothetic cell-like stage between chemical evolution and the first living cell.

RNA world         One model for prebiotic evolution in which RNA was the template for protein synthesis before the evolution of DNA.

stromatolite      Fossilized mats of shallow-water microbial communities

Vocabulary of Concepts of Chapters 17, 18 and 19

Adaptive radition: the evolution of ecological and phenotypic diversity within a rapidly multiplying lineage.

Adaptive zone: Minimum amount of energy required to get a specific reaction going

Analogous strcuture: Body parts that differed in evolutionarily distant lineages but converged in structure and function.

Homologous structure: comparable body parts that show underlying similarity.

asteroid: Rocky, metallic body hurtling through space.

Comparative morphology:

Derived trait: novel feature that evolved but once and is shared only by the descendants of the ancestral species in which it evolved.

Fossil: Recognizable, physical evidence of an organism that lived in the distant past.

Fossilization: How a fossil form.

Geological time scale:   Time scale for the Earth's history 

Gowanda: supercontinent; with other land masses, it formed Pangea.

Half-life: The time it takes for half of a given quantity of any radioisotope to decay

Lineage: line of descent.

Morphological corvengence:  Macroevolutionary pattern. In response to similar environmental pressures over time.

Morphological divergence: Macroevolutionary pattern; genetically diverging lineages undergo change from body form of a common ancestor.

Pangea:  Paleozoic supercontinent upon which the first terrestrial plants and animals evolved.

Plate tectonics theory: theory that states that all plates are slowly moving and have rafted continents to new positions over time.

Stratification: Stacked layers of sedimentary rock, built up by gradual deposition of volcanic ash, silt, and other materials over time.

Theory of Uniformity: Early theory that the earth's surface changes in gradual, uniformly repetitive ways.

Evidence of Evolution - Vocabulary #1

neutral evolution: A mutation with little or no effect on phenotype.
 

lethal mutation: a mutation with little or no effect on the phenotype.

 inbreeding: Nonrandom mating among close relatives that share many identical alleles.

antibiotic:Metabolic product of soil microbes that kills bacterial competitors for nutrients.

allele frequency: is the proportion of all copies of a gene that is made up of a particular gene variant.

 balanced polymorphism: Form of selection in which two or more alleles for a trait are being maintained in a population over time.

biogeography: Scientific study of the world distribution of species.

 catastrophism: is the idea that Earth has been affected in the past by sudden, short-lived, violent events.

 comparative morphology: comparison of the structure of different animals and plants, one with another.

 directional selection: is a mode of natural selection in which a single phenotype is favored.

disruptive selection: describes changes in population genetics in which extreme values for a trait are favored over intermediate values.

 evolution: is the change over time in one or more inherited traits found in populations of organisms.

fitness: Increase in adaptation to environment, as brought about by genetic change.

 fixation: Loss of all but one kind of allele at a gene locus for all individuals in a population.

 fossil: Loss of all but one kind of allele at a gene locus for all individuals in a population.

 founder effect: s the loss of genetic variation that occurs when a new population is established by a very small number of individuals from a larger population.

gene flow:Microevolutionary process; alleles enter and leave a population as an outcome of immigration and emigration, respectively.

 Gene pool: All genotypes in a population.

 genetic drift: is the change in the frequency of a gene variant in a population due to random sampling.

genetic equilibrium: a state in which a population is not evolving.

Hardy-Weingberg Rule: 1-Allele frequencies stay the same over the generations when there is no mutation 2-The population is infinitely large and isolated from other populations of the species
3-Mating is random
4-All individuals are reproducing equally and randomly.

 Microevolution: s a change in gene frequency within a population over time.

mutation rate: Of a gene locus, the probability that a spontaneous mutation will occur during or between DNA replication cycles.

Natural selection: is the process by which biologic traits become more or less common in a population

polymorphism: The persistence of two or more qualitatively different forms of a trait (morphs) in a population.

 population: is all the organisms that both belong to the same species and live in the same geographical area.

 sampling error: Use of  subset of a population, an event, or some other aspect of nature for an experimental group.

 sexual selection: type of selection that favors a trait giving an individual a competitive edge in attracting or keeping a mate

stabalizing selection: natural selection in which genetic diversity decreases as the population stabilizes on a particular trait value. 

theory of uniformity:  theory that the earth's surface changes in gradual, uniformly repetitive ways.

Bottleneck:Severe reduction in the size of a population

Allele:  is a viable DNA  coding that occupies a given locus on a chromosome.