Vocabulary # 2

denotes the presence of two populations of cells with different genotypes in one individual who has developed from a single fertilized egg

Linkage group: all genes on a chromosome

 Abortion: premature exit of the products of conception
  

Aneuploidy: abnormal number of chromosomes, and is a type of chromosomes abnormality.
 

Autosome: chromosome that is not a sez chromosome.

Crossing over: process occurring during meiosis wherein two chromosomes pair up and exchange segments of their genetic material.

deletion: mutation in which a part of a chromosome or a sequence of DNA is missing. 

Disease: abnormal condition affecting the body of an organism.

Inversion: Part of a chromosome that became oriented in reverse, with no molecular loss.

karyotype: is the number and appearance of chromosomes in the nucleus of a eukaryotic. 

Nondisyunction:  failure of chromosome pairs to separate properly during cell division.

Polyploidy: is a term used to describe cells and organism containing more than two paired sets of chromosomes.

Reciprocal: breeding experiment designed to test the role of parental sex on a given inheritance pattern. 

Sex chromosome: determine the sex of an organism

Syndrome: A set of symptoms that may not individually be a telling clue but collectively characterize a genetic disorder or disease.

Translocation: chromosome abnormality caused by rearrangement of parts between nonhomologous chromosome.

Double-blind study : is one in which neither the patient nor the physician knows whether the patient is receiving the treatment of interest or the control treatment.

Duplication: gene sequence repeated several to many hundreds or thousands of times.

Gentic abnormality: a disease or disorder that is inherited genetically.

Genetic disorder: illness caused by abnormalities in genes or chromosomes. 

Genetic recombination: is a process by which a molecule of nuclei acid is broken and then joined to a different one.

Homologous chromosomes: are chromosome pairs of the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern, with genes for the same characteristics at corresponding loci.

In-vitro vertilization: conception outside the body.

	X Chromosome: A type of sex chromosome. An XX mammalian embryo becomes female; an XY pairing causes it to develop into a male.
	Y Chromosome: A type of sex chromosome. An XX mammalian embryo becomes female; an XY pairing causes it to develop into a male.

Vocabulary #1

allele	Alternative form of a gene (one member of a pair) that is located at a specific position on a specific chromosome.
codominance	A condition in which both alleles of a gene pair in a heterozygote are fully expressed, with neither one being dominant or recessive to the other.
continuous variation dihybrid  cross	The outcome of the number of enviromental factors influencing the expression of traits in a population. experiment between P generation  organisms that differ in two traits.
epistasis	is when one gene hides the expression of another gene.
F1	The offspring of an initial genetic cross.
F2	The offspring of parents who are the first filial generation from a genetic cross.
gene	Unit of information for a heritable trait, passed from parents to offspring.
genotype	The combination of alleles located on homologous chromosomes that determines a specific characteristic or trait
heterozygous	refers to having two different alleles (one dominant and the other one recesive) for a single trait.
homozygous dominant	Having a pair of dominant alleles at a gene locus (on a pair of homologous chromosomes).           AA is homozygous dominant.                                                   Aa is heterozygous.                                                   aa is homozygous recesive.
homozygous recessive	Having a pair of recessive alleles at a gene locus (on a pair of homologous chromosomes).
hybrid offspring	Of a genetic cross, offspring having a pair of nonidentical alleles for a trait.
incomplete dominance	Condition in which one allele of a pair is not fully dominant.
independent assortment	traits are transmitted to offspring independently of one another.
monohybrid cross	experiment between P generation rganisms that differ in one trait.
multiple allele system	is when there are more than two possible allele pairs for a single locus.
phenotype	Observable trait or traits of an individual that arise from gene interactions and gene-environment interactions.
pleiotropy	The control of more than one phenotypic characteristic by a single gene or set of genes.
probability	The chance that each outcome of a given event will occur is proportional to the number of ways the outcome can be reached.
Punnett-square method segregation	Construction of a simple diagram as a way to predict probable outcomes of a genetic cross. states that allele pairs separate or segregate during gamete formation, and randomly unite at fertilization.
testcross	Experimental cross to determine whether an individual of unknown genotype that shows dominance for a trait is either homozygous dominant or heterozygous.
true-breeding lineage	a lineage in which only one version of a trait appears over the generations in all parents and their offspring